🌊 Fishing area analysis

📦 Data: FAO Global Capture Production, release 2026.1.0 (published by FAO on 2026-03-30; catches 1950–2024), downloaded from Capture_2026.1.0.zip. Licence CC BY 4.0. fao_data_info() shows the release you use and how to cite it.

fao_areas() and fishing_area_map() show the FAO major fishing areas and their subareas; the three other fishing area functions describe one area. The examples use the Northeast Atlantic (area 27); the last section shows the same analysis for the Northwest Atlantic (area 21).

🗺️ The FAO major fishing areas

The FAO major fishing areas for statistical purposes are defined by the Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics (CWP): 19 marine areas, and the inland waters of each continent. fao_areas() lists them with their catch in the last year of the data and the link to the official FAO map of each area, and saves a world map of the marine areas labelled with their codes:

areas <- fao_areas()

show_table(areas[order(-areas$catch_last_year), c("area_code", "name_en", "type", "ocean", "catch_last_year", "share_pct")],
           n = 30, digits = 1)

	area_code	name_en	type	ocean	catch_last_year	share_pct
21	61	Pacific, Northwest	marine	Pacific Ocean	19067991.408	20.5
23	71	Pacific, Western Central	marine	Pacific Ocean	14105189.055	15.1
26	87	Pacific, Southeast	marine	Pacific Ocean	9453525.210	10.1
11	27	Atlantic, Northeast	marine	Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas	7842194.162	8.4
4	04	Asia - Inland waters	inland	NA	7785533.070	8.4
19	57	Indian Ocean, Eastern	marine	Indian Ocean	6401679.921	6.9
18	51	Indian Ocean, Western	marine	Indian Ocean	6223934.387	6.7
13	34	Atlantic, Eastern Central	marine	Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas	5099475.194	5.5
1	01	Africa - Inland waters	inland	NA	3656926.956	3.9
22	67	Pacific, Northeast	marine	Pacific Ocean	2551440.501	2.7
24	77	Pacific, Eastern Central	marine	Pacific Ocean	2349505.260	2.5
15	41	Atlantic, Southwest	marine	Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas	1970436.942	2.1
16	47	Atlantic, Southeast	marine	Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas	1475796.444	1.6
10	21	Atlantic, Northwest	marine	Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas	1407262.000	1.5
12	31	Atlantic, Western Central	marine	Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas	1077647.351	1.2
14	37	Mediterranean and Black Sea	marine	Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas	1026111.034	1.1
17	48	Atlantic, Antarctic	marine	Southern Ocean (Antarctic)	466706.916	0.5
5	05	Europe - Inland waters	inland	NA	386122.976	0.4
25	81	Pacific, Southwest	marine	Pacific Ocean	381352.879	0.4
3	03	America, South - Inland waters	inland	NA	337398.156	0.4
2	02	America, North - Inland waters	inland	NA	117613.045	0.1
6	06	Oceania - Inland waters	inland	NA	20521.568	0.0
9	18	Arctic Sea	marine	Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas	16604.000	0.0
20	58	Indian Ocean, Antarctic	marine	Southern Ocean (Antarctic)	10861.059	0.0
27	88	Pacific, Antarctic	marine	Southern Ocean (Antarctic)	2665.606	0.0
7	07	Former USSR area - Inland waters	inland	NA	NA	NA
8	08	Antarctica - Inland waters	inland	NA	NA	NA

Use these names (e.g. "Atlantic, Northwest") or codes in the other functions. The official FAO maps (column fao_map) are the maps of the FAO fishing area maps page; the package links to them.

🧭 fishing_area_map(): an area and its subareas

Large areas are divided into subareas, divisions and subdivisions; in the Northeast Atlantic they are the ICES areas, from 27.1 (Barents Sea) to 27.14 (East Greenland). fishing_area_map() maps one marine area with these units, labelled with their codes, from the boundaries bundled with the package (FAO 2024). When the ggOceanMaps package (Vihtakari 2026) is installed, the map is drawn on its bathymetric base map, with the depth of the ETOPO 2022 relief model (NOAA NCEI 2022) bundled with ggOceanMaps; areas reaching beyond 60° of latitude, such as area 27, are drawn in a polar stereographic projection. Without ggOceanMaps, the land of Natural Earth is drawn in a Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection centred on the area.

ne_atlantic <- fishing_area_map(27)

show_table(ne_atlantic$units, n = 20)

code	level	name_en
27.1	subarea	Barents Sea (Subarea 27.1)
27.2	subarea	Norwegian Sea, Spitzbergen, and Bear Island (Subarea 27.2)
27.3	subarea	Skagerrak, Kattegat, Sound, Belt Sea, and Baltic Sea (Subarea 27.3)
27.4	subarea	North Sea (Subarea 27.4)
27.5	subarea	Iceland and Faroes Grounds (Subarea 27.5)
27.6	subarea	Rockall, Northwest Coast of Scotland and North Ireland (Subarea 27.6)
27.7	subarea	Irish Sea, West of Ireland, Porcupine Bank, Eastern and Western English Channel, etc (Subarea 27.7)
27.8	subarea	Bay of Biscay (Subarea 27.8)
27.9	subarea	Portuguese Waters (Subarea 27.9)
27.10	subarea	Azores Grounds and Northeast Atlantic South (Subarea 27.10)
27.12	subarea	North of Azores (Subarea 27.12)
27.14	subarea	East Greenland (Subarea 27.14)

ne_atlantic$fao_map      # the official FAO map of the area
#> [1] "https://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/maps/fig_h2_27_0.gif"

The sources of the map are in ne_atlantic$sources, to cite with it:

show_table(ne_atlantic$sources)

layer	reference	url
boundaries	FAO (2024). FAO Major Fishing Areas for Statistical Purposes. Licence: CC-BY 4.0.	https://www.fao.org/fishery/geonetwork?uuid=ac02a460-da52-11dc-9d70-0017f293bd28
base map	Vihtakari, M. (2026). ggOceanMaps: Plot Data on Oceanographic Maps using ‘ggplot2’. R package version 3.0.0. doi:10.32614/CRAN.package.ggOceanMaps	https://github.com/MikkoVihtakari/ggOceanMaps
land	Natural Earth. 1:10m Land and Minor Islands (public domain), as bundled with ggOceanMaps.	https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-physical-vectors/
depth	NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). ETOPO 2022 15 Arc-Second Global Relief Model. doi:10.25921/fd45-gt74	https://doi.org/10.25921/fd45-gt74

The divisions, here without depth:

fishing_area_map(27, level = "division", bathymetry = FALSE)

All arguments of fishing_area_map():

Argument	Meaning	Default
area	FAO major marine fishing area: code (e.g. 27) or English name
level	Units drawn inside the area: "subarea", "division", "subdivision" or "none" (outline only)	"subarea"
bathymetry	Show the depth (ggOceanMaps only)	TRUE
labels	Label the units with their codes	TRUE
engine	"auto" (ggOceanMaps when installed, else "sf"), "ggOceanMaps" or "sf"	"auto"
plot	Save the map in figures/png/area/	TRUE
table	Save the table of units in tables/	TRUE
lang	Language of the map text: "en", "zh" or "both"	NULL: the language of fao_settings()
pptx	Also save the map as an editable PowerPoint file	FALSE, or pptx of fao_settings()
plot_show	Also draw each chart in the plot window (e.g. the Plots pane of RStudio) as it is saved	FALSE, or plot_show of fao_settings()

1️⃣ fishing_area_data(): catch of the area

FAO27 <- fishing_area_data("Atlantic, Northeast")

It saves three charts in figures/png/:

File	Chart
fishing_trend.png	Total catch of the area. With timeseries_analysis = TRUE, the grey horizontal lines are the mean catch of each period between breakpoints, and the dashed lines mark the start of each period (see How the breakpoints are found)
fishing_percentage.png	The area’s share of the world catch of all marine areas each year (for an inland area: of the world catch of all inland waters), and the average of these shares (red line)
area_country_map.png	Total catch of each country in the area over all years, on a world map

and returns a list:

Element	Content
area_data	Catch records of the area (all eight columns of the data): the input of the other functions
coefs_data	Periods between breakpoints of the total catch: start_year, end_year and intercept (mean catch of the period, in tonnes)
act_world_map	The map data, an sf object with the total catch of each country (NULL with plot = FALSE)

FAO27$coefs_data
#> # A tibble: 3 × 3
#>   start_year end_year intercept
#>        <int>    <int>     <dbl>
#> 1       1950     1964  7251706.
#> 2       1965     2005 10855609.
#> 3       2006     2024  8806378.

Options

fishing_area_data(
  "Atlantic, Northeast",
  timeseries_analysis = FALSE,          # no breakpoints
  area_color1 = "#9ecae1",              # fill of the catch area
  area_color2 = "#08519c",              # its outline
  hline_color = "#e6550d",              # average line of the share chart
  fill_scale = "blue",                  # palette of the map
  lang = "zh"                           # Chinese chart text
)

All arguments of fishing_area_data():

Argument	Meaning	Default
area_name	FAO major fishing area, as named in the data (table above)
plot	Save the three charts; FALSE only returns the data	TRUE
timeseries_analysis	Draw the breakpoints and the mean catch of each period on the total catch chart (coefs_data is returned either way)	TRUE
area_color1	Fill colour of the total catch	"grey80"
area_alpha	Transparency of that fill (0 transparent to 1 opaque)	0.7
area_color2	Outline colour of the total catch	"black"
line_color	Colour of the line of the share chart	"black"
line_alpha	Transparency of that line	0.8
line_linewidth	Width of that line	1.5
point_size	Size of the points of the share chart	2
hline_color	Colour of the average line of the share chart	"red"
hline_alpha	Transparency of the average line	0.7
hline_linewidth	Width of the average line	1.5
axis_text_size	Size of the axis labels of the share chart, and of the axis titles of the total catch chart	10
axis_text_face	Font face of the axis titles of the total catch chart: "plain", "bold", "italic" or "bold.italic"	"plain"
axis_title_size	Size of the axis titles of the share chart	12
axis_title_face	Font face of the axis titles of the share chart and the map	"bold"
strip_text_size, strip_text_face	Size and font face of panel titles; the charts of this function have no panels, so they have no visible effect	12, "bold"
polygon_color	Colour of the country borders on the map	"grey90"
fill_scale	Palette of the map, any choice of map_palette in fao_settings() (e.g. "blue", "YlOrRd", "viridis" or a vector of colours)	NULL: map_palette of fao_settings() ("deep-orange")
axis_title_size_map	Size of the axis titles of the map	14
axis_text_size_map	Size of the axis labels (longitudes and latitudes) of the map	12
legend_text_size_map	Size of the legend text of the map	12
ZH	Older way of asking for Chinese: TRUE is lang = "zh"	FALSE
lang	Language of the chart text: "en", "zh" or "both"	NULL: "zh" if ZH = TRUE, else the language of fao_settings()
data_version	FAO release: "latest" (newest available), "bundled" or a release such as "2026.1.0" (see 💾 FAO data)	"latest"
pptx	Also save the charts as editable PowerPoint files in figures/pptx/	FALSE, or pptx of fao_settings()
plot_show	Also draw each chart in the plot window (e.g. the Plots pane of RStudio) as it is saved	FALSE, or plot_show of fao_settings()

2️⃣ fishing_area_species(): main species

species <- fishing_area_species(FAO27$area_data, rank_range = 1:10)

File	Chart
area/area_species.png	Catch of the selected species over time
area/area_species_wrap.png	One panel per species with its share of the area’s catch over all years, a linear trend (dashed) and the breakpoints of its mean catch; with timeseries_analysis = FALSE, a smooth curve instead of the trend and breakpoints

The function returns a list:

Element	Content
area_species	Catch of every species item by year
area_species_ranked	Catch by year of the selected species, with their total catch and share
area_species_ranked_total	The selected species: total catch over all years (Total_Tonnes) and share of the area’s catch (Percentage)
coefs_data	Breakpoints of each species: start_year, end_year and intercept (mean catch of the period, in tonnes)

show_table(species$area_species_ranked_total)

ASFIS.species..Name.	Total_Tonnes	Percentage	Rank_Tonnes
Atlantic herring	133,779,008	18.55	133,779,008
Atlantic cod	100,515,875	13.94	100,515,875
Capelin	72,254,558	10.02	72,254,558
Blue whiting(=Poutassou)	51,097,741	7.09	51,097,741
Atlantic mackerel	44,615,940	6.19	44,615,940
Sandeels(=Sandlances) nei	33,532,765	4.65	33,532,765
European sprat	28,491,530	3.95	28,491,530
Saithe(=Pollock)	27,734,472	3.85	27,734,472
Haddock	25,693,597	3.56	25,693,597
Norway pout	15,252,882	2.11	15,252,882

It also saves two tables in tables/: species_ranked_table.csv (average catch per decade, catch in each of the last five years, catch and share in the last year) and species_coefs_data.csv (the breakpoints).

show_table(read.csv("tables/species_ranked_table.csv", fileEncoding = "UTF-8-BOM", check.names = FALSE), n = 5, digits = 0)

ASFIS.species..Name.	1950s	1960s	1970s	1980s	1990s	2000s	2010s	2020s	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	total_2024_production	percentage_of_total_2024
Atlantic cod	1,675,240	1,610,620	1,772,437	1,424,846	1,104,442	814,172	1,162,071	975,521	1,051,293	1,116,132	1,039,707	908,068	762,408	762,408	10
Atlantic herring	2,478,450	2,737,960	1,078,316	1,080,178	1,732,866	1,945,565	1,592,207	1,464,718	1,514,865	1,554,649	1,568,174	1,435,049	1,250,851	1,250,851	16
Atlantic mackerel	100,330	414,570	603,160	580,576	654,196	574,634	1,022,817	1,022,622	1,018,792	1,076,697	1,043,653	1,069,949	904,017	904,017	12
Blue whiting(=Poutassou)	12,680	17,740	223,187	712,974	675,005	1,725,821	1,019,466	1,445,802	1,472,561	1,145,203	1,041,463	1,737,135	1,832,649	1,832,649	23
Capelin	43,550	314,260	2,294,263	1,838,143	1,230,845	867,671	480,992	311,462	57	204,767	679,198	504,595	168,693	168,693	2

Options

• rank_range lists the ranks shown: 11:20 shows the next ten species, c(5, 6) the fifth and the sixth.
• timeseries_analysis = FALSE replaces the breakpoints by a smooth curve (smooth_method, default "loess").
• h_value is the minimum length of a period between breakpoints: a fraction of the series (default 0.15) or a number of years (e.g. 5). Larger values give fewer breakpoints; species with too short a series are skipped with a message.

fishing_area_species(FAO27$area_data, rank_range = 11:20, h_value = 5, lang = "both")

All arguments of fishing_area_species(). “Time series chart” is area_species.png, “panel chart” is area_species_wrap.png; the panel chart with breakpoints has fixed line widths, text sizes and two columns, and only the text_* arguments change it.

Argument	Meaning	Default
area_data	Catch data of an area: fishing_area_data()$area_data or any subset of load_fao_data()
rank_range	Ranks of the species shown, by total catch over all years: 1:10 the ten largest, 11:20 the next ten, c(5, 6) the fifth and the sixth	1:10
plot	Save the charts	TRUE
table	Save the two tables in tables/	TRUE
timeseries_analysis	TRUE: panel chart with linear trend and breakpoints; FALSE: panel chart with a smooth curve	TRUE
h_value	Minimum length of a period between breakpoints: a fraction of the series or a number of years (the h of strucchange::breakpoints())	0.15
line_width	Width of the lines of the time series chart	1.5
line_alpha	Transparency of the lines of the time series chart and of the panel chart without breakpoints	0.7
line_linewidth	Width of the lines of the panel chart without breakpoints	1.5
point_size	Size of the points of the time series chart and of the panel chart without breakpoints	1.8
point_alpha	Transparency of these points	0.7
point_shape	Shape of these points (R point symbol, e.g. 1 open circle, 16 filled circle)	1
axis_text_size, axis_text_face	Size and font face of the axis labels (time series chart; y axis of the panel chart without breakpoints)	10, "plain"
axis_title_size, axis_title_face	Size and font face of the axis titles (time series chart; panel chart without breakpoints)	10, "bold"
strip_text_size, strip_text_face	Size and font face of the panel titles of the panel chart without breakpoints	10, "bold"
smooth_method	Smoothing method of the curve in the panel chart without breakpoints, as in ggplot2::geom_smooth(): "loess", "lm", "gam", …	"loess"
smooth_linetype	Line type of that curve: "dashed", "solid", "dotted", …	"dashed"
text_hjust, text_vjust	Horizontal and vertical justification of the share label in each panel (it is anchored at 1957 and zero catch)	0.9, -4
text_size, text_color	Size and colour of the share label	4.5, "black"
facet_ncol	Number of columns of the panel chart without breakpoints	2
ZH	Older way of asking for Chinese: TRUE is lang = "zh"	FALSE
lang	Language of the chart text and names: "en", "zh" or "both"	NULL: "zh" if ZH = TRUE, else the language of fao_settings()
pptx	Also save the charts as editable PowerPoint files in figures/pptx/	FALSE, or pptx of fao_settings()
plot_show	Also draw each chart in the plot window (e.g. the Plots pane of RStudio) as it is saved	FALSE, or plot_show of fao_settings()

3️⃣ fishing_area_country(): main countries

countries <- fishing_area_country(FAO27$area_data, rank_range = 1:10)

It works like fishing_area_species(), by country:

Output	Content
area/area_country.png	Catch of the selected countries over time
area/area_country_wrap.png	One panel per country with its share of the area’s catch, a linear trend and the breakpoints (or a smooth curve)
tables/country_ranked_table.csv	Average catch per decade, catch in each of the last five years, catch and share in the last year
tables/country_coefs_data.csv	The breakpoints
Returned list	area_country (catch of every country by year), area_country_ranked, area_country_ranked_total and coefs_data

show_table(countries$area_country_ranked_total)

Country..Name.	Total_Tonnes	Percentage	Rank_Tonnes
Norway	175,537,274	24.34	175,537,274
Iceland	90,654,303	12.57	90,654,303
Denmark	85,470,967	11.85	85,470,967
United Kingdom	65,908,778	9.14	65,908,778
Un. Sov. Soc. Rep.	53,248,275	7.38	53,248,275
France	35,289,487	4.89	35,289,487
Spain	31,240,735	4.33	31,240,735
Russian Federation	30,914,334	4.29	30,914,334
Germany	27,722,268	3.84	27,722,268
Faroe Islands	23,481,732	3.26	23,481,732

All arguments of fishing_area_country(). As for the species, the panel chart with breakpoints has fixed line widths, text sizes and two columns.

Argument	Meaning	Default
area_data	Catch data of an area: fishing_area_data()$area_data or any subset of load_fao_data()
rank_range	Ranks of the countries shown, by total catch over all years: 1:10 the ten largest, c(5, 6) the fifth and the sixth	1:10
plot	Save the charts	TRUE
table	Save the two tables in tables/	TRUE
timeseries_analysis	TRUE: panel chart with linear trend and breakpoints; FALSE: panel chart with a smooth curve	TRUE
h_value	Minimum length of a period between breakpoints: a fraction of the series or a number of years	0.15
line_width	Width of the lines of the time series chart (area_country.png)	1.5
line_alpha	Transparency of the lines of the time series chart and of the panel chart without breakpoints	0.7
line_linewidth	Width of the lines of the panel chart without breakpoints	1.5
point_size	Size of the points of the time series chart and of the panel chart without breakpoints	1.8
point_alpha	Transparency of these points	0.7
point_shape	Shape of these points (R point symbol)	1
axis_text_size, axis_text_face	Size and font face of the axis labels (time series chart; y axis of the panel chart without breakpoints)	10, "plain"
axis_title_size, axis_title_face	Size and font face of the axis titles (time series chart; panel chart without breakpoints)	10, "bold"
strip_text_size, strip_text_face	Size and font face of the panel titles of the panel chart without breakpoints	10, "bold"
smooth_method	Smoothing method of the curve in the panel chart without breakpoints, as in ggplot2::geom_smooth()	"loess"
smooth_linetype	Line type of that curve	"dashed"
text_hjust, text_vjust	Justification of the share label in each panel	0.9, -4
text_size, text_color	Size and colour of the share label	4.5, "black"
facet_ncol	Number of columns of the panel chart without breakpoints	2
ZH	Older way of asking for Chinese: TRUE is lang = "zh"	FALSE
lang	Language of the chart text and names: "en", "zh" or "both"	NULL: "zh" if ZH = TRUE, else the language of fao_settings()
pptx	Also save the charts as editable PowerPoint files	FALSE, or pptx of fao_settings()
plot_show	Also draw each chart in the plot window (e.g. the Plots pane of RStudio) as it is saved	FALSE, or plot_show of fao_settings()

📐 How the breakpoints are found

The breakpoints divide a catch series into periods with different mean catch. Each series is fitted with a model of constant mean (catch ~ 1) in each period; the breakpoints that minimise the residual sum of squares are found by dynamic programming (Bai and Perron 2003), and the number of breakpoints is chosen by the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), as done by strucchange::breakpoints() (Zeileis et al. 2002, 2003). Every period has at least h years: 15% of the series in fishing_area_data(), and h_value in the other functions.

Function	Series analysed
fishing_area_data()	Total catch of the area in each year
fishing_area_species()	Catch of each species, over its longest run of consecutive years
fishing_area_country()	Catch of each country, over all years with records (a warning is given when years are missing)

The breakpoints show when the level of the catch changed, not why: changes in fishing, in the stocks, in markets or in reporting can all move the catch.

🌏 Another area: the Northwest Atlantic

Any FAO area works the same way. The Northwest Atlantic (area 21) lies off Canada, the United States and Greenland:

FAO21 <- fishing_area_data("Atlantic, Northwest")
fishing_area_country(FAO21$area_data, rank_range = 1:8)

The catch of area 21 was largest in 1968 (4.6 million t) and was 1.4 million t in 2024. Its Atlantic cod fell from 564 thousand t in 1990 to 31 thousand t in 1995: the cod off Newfoundland and Labrador collapsed, and Canada closed the fishery in 1992 (Hutchings and Myers 1994).

Charts of different areas are saved under the same file names (e.g. fishing_trend.png), so use one working folder per area, e.g. setwd("reports/FAO21").

📖 References

Bai, J. and Perron, P. (2003). Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models. Journal of Applied Econometrics 18(1): 1–22. doi:10.1002/jae.659

CWP (Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics). CWP Handbook of Fishery Statistics: Main water areas (FAO major fishing areas). Rome: FAO. https://www.fao.org/cwp-on-fishery-statistics/handbook/general-concepts/main-water-areas/en/

FAO (2026). FishStat: Global capture production 1950–2024 (release 2026.1.0). In: FishStatJ. https://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/fishstatj/en. Licence: CC-BY-4.0. Release file: https://www.fao.org/fishery/static/Data/Capture_2026.1.0.zip

FAO. Fishing area maps. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Division [online]. Rome. https://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/maps/Default.htm

FAO (2024). FAO Major Fishing Areas for Statistical Purposes. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Division [online]. Licence: CC-BY 4.0. https://www.fao.org/fishery/geonetwork?uuid=ac02a460-da52-11dc-9d70-0017f293bd28 (the area boundaries of the maps, bundled as inst/extdata/FAO_AREAS_CWP.shp)

FAO (2026). Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics – Yearbook 2024. FAO Yearbook of Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics. Rome: FAO. doi:10.4060/ce1217en

Hutchings, J.A. and Myers, R.A. (1994). What can be learned from the collapse of a renewable resource? Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, of Newfoundland and Labrador. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51(9): 2126–2146. doi:10.1139/f94-214

Massicotte, P. and South, A. rnaturalearth: World Map Data from Natural Earth. R package. doi:10.32614/CRAN.package.rnaturalearth

Natural Earth. Admin 0 – Details, map units, 1:50m (the country outlines of the maps). https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/50m-cultural-vectors/50m-admin-0-details/

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2022). ETOPO 2022 15 Arc-Second Global Relief Model. doi:10.25921/fd45-gt74

Pebesma, E. (2018). Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data. The R Journal 10(1): 439–446. doi:10.32614/RJ-2018-009

Vihtakari, M. (2026). ggOceanMaps: Plot Data on Oceanographic Maps using ‘ggplot2’. R package version 3.0.0. doi:10.32614/CRAN.package.ggOceanMaps. GitHub: https://github.com/MikkoVihtakari/ggOceanMaps

Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4

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